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Calcaño, Julio (1840-1912)
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Nacido en Caracas en 1840, Julio Calcaño −miembro de una familia de relevantes personajes de la política y la cultura de Venezuela durante el siglo XIX− se dedica en un primer momento a la carrera militar, si bien pronto abandona esta por la creación literaria, tanto en prosa como en verso, así como por los estudios filológicos, muy especialmente los dedicados al campo de la literatura. Esta última faceta lo lleva a escribir importantes trabajos sobre la historia de la literatura de su país de origen (Reseña histórica de la literatura venezolana, 1888; Parnaso venezolano, 1892) con los que adquiere un reconocimiento que va más allá de sus fronteras y que justifica su nombramiento como miembro de la Real Academia Española en 1882; a esta labor se añade, en 1883, su papel como miembro fundador de la Academia Venezolana de la Lengua, institución en la que se desempeña como secretario perpetuo. Muere en su misma ciudad natal en 1912.
Desde el punto de vista lingüístico, su obra fundamental lo constituye El castellano en Venezuela. Estudio crítico (1897), auténtico tratado sobre esta variedad dialectal del español de finales del Ochocientos que, si bien encaja dentro de la tendencia purista tan en boga en Hispanoamérica en su época, presenta también un claro afán descriptivo −explicitado por el mismo autor, al señalar su "solo propósito de dar idea del uso que del castellano se hace en Venezuela” (p. XXXVI)− que la convierte en un claro exponente del cambio de actitud que, desde posiciones natamente prescriptivas a otras más interesadas en la descripción, caracteriza a la lingüística hispanoamericana en el cambio de siglo.
Obra
- El castellano en Venezuela. Estudio crítico, Tipografía Universal, Caracas, 1897.
Bibliografía
- Brecca, Juan José: Julio Calcaño, Tipografía Guttemberg, Caracas, 1894.
- Fernández de Cano, José Ramón, "Calcaño, Julio (1840-1912)", en La web de las biografías, 2022.
- Jáimez Esteves, Rita, "Historia de algunos fenómenos fonéticos del español de Venezuela", en R. Jáimez y T. Adrián Segovia (comps.), Venezuela: efervescencia de voces híbridas, Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador / Instituto Pedagógicco de Caracas, Caracas, 2016, págs. 55-92.
- Pérez, Francisco Javier, Julio Calcaño y la historia del purismo lingüístico en Venezuela, Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas, 2002.
José Luis Ramírez Luengo
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