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Espinosa, Juan (1804-1871)
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Juan Espinosa nació en Montevideo (Uruguay), en 1804. Es una figura fundamental para entender la historia del liberalismo peruano. Fue un activo luchador por la Independencia, pues ya en 1817 participó en las campañas de los Andes. Con tan solo 16 años desembarcó como oficial del ejército de la Expedición Libertadora en la bahía de Paracas de la provincia de Pisco, en el departamento de Ica (Perú), que culminó con la batalla de Ayacucho, en 1824. Un año después participó en la Guerra de la Independencia de Bolivia. Posteriormente, viajó a Chile, donde residió durante una década, para establecerse definitivamente en Perú. Allí ocupó diversos cargos administrativos y llegó a ser Comandante General de Armas en Junín y Huancavelica. Fue, además, director del colegio San Carlos de Puno. Desde 1850 se dedicó de manera exclusiva al periodismo y al ensayo. Murió en Lima en 1871.
Sus ideas liberales (fue seguidor de José Gálvez –1819-1866– y, posteriormente, de Manuel Pardo –1834-1878–, creador del primer partido político de Perú) se plasmaron en una serie de obras que influyeron en pensadores posteriores. Entre ellas destacan La herencia española de los americanos (Imprenta del Correo, Lima, 1852), Mi república (s. i., Nueva York, 1854) y, sobre todo, el Diccionario republicano (1856), en el que aparecen reflejados los principios republicanos desde una perspectiva esencialmente didáctica, haciendo hincapié en la defensa de la soberanía popular. Sus opiniones se alejan, en todo caso, de radicalismos, partiendo de la tradición católica de la sociedad peruana.
Obra
- Diccionario republicano. Diccionario para el pueblo, republicano, democrático, moral, político y filosófico, Imprenta del Pueblo, Lima, 1855.
Bibliografía
- Rivera, Víctor, «República tras el incienso. Una historia conceptual del “liberalismo” y “liberales” en Perú (1810-1850)», en Javier Fernández Sebastián (coord.), La aurora de la libertad. Los primeros liberalismos en el mundo iberoamericano, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2012, págs. 333-378.
- McEvoy, Carmen «Estudio preliminar», en Juan Espinosa, Diccionario republicano, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú, University of The South-Sewanee, Lima, 2001, págs. 19-100.
- McEvoy, Carmen, En pos de la República. Ensayos de historia política e intelectual, Centros de Estudios Bicentenario, Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima y Asociación Cultural Antonio Raimondi, Lima, 2013.
Juan Manuel García Platero
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